Daily Dose Of Science: Main Thread

Hey guys, starting now, I'm going to give a daily dose of science every day! If this gets enough support (even though this is a Minecraft forum), I'll continue it for a very long time.

In A Daily Dose of Science, I'm going to cover very interesting aspects of science.

If you like this daily dose of science, scroll down to see more!

Hope you enjoy! -Extra Spicy MarioYoshiBoo





Daily Dose #1: Superfluids
You've probably all known about the three, or four states of matter. Solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. You might even have heard of Bose-Einstein Condensate. But my favorite state of matter is a superfluid. It behaves like a fluid; however, at the same time, it doesn't. I'll cover how to make one and what they do right now.

How to Make a Superfluid
To make a superfluid, cold helium gas to a few degrees above absolute zero.

Now I can hear all of your sad remarks; darn it, now we can't make it at home!
No, that doesn't matter.

When the gas is cooled down into a liquid state, around absolute zero, it becomes a superfluid; a fluid with insane properties.



Properties of a Superfluid
Property #1: If the superfluid is put into a cup, then it will start to crawl up the sides of the cup.



Property #2: The superfluid will start to leak out of the bottom of the cup, through the microscopic pores.



Property #3: A superfluid has 0 viscosity; it flows without loss of kinetic energy, thus, when it is stirred, it creates vortexes.



Since the kinetic energy will never be lost the superfluid may spin forever. For example, if you stir a superfluid the day you are a baby, and then when you come back at age 85, it may still be spinning.



Where are Superfluids Found?
Scientists are unsure if superfluids are found naturally, however, there is an idea that superfluidity (and superconductivity, which I might talk about another day) is present inside neutron stars! The idea was proposed by Arkady Migdal. I may also talk about neutron stars one day.

Are there Any Theories Based on Superfluids?
The SVT, or Superfluid Vacuum Theory, treats vacuum spaces as superfluids or Bose-Einstein Condensate. It is currently a candidate for the theory of Quantum Gravity.

Other Interesting Stuff
-There is also a state of matter called a supersolid; a solid that behaves similarly to a superfluid.

-A boojum (ha ha, funny joke) is a geometrical pattern on the surface of a superfluid.



Therefore, if Wynncraft ever gets hold of a superfluid, I think we all know what to do with it.


















































this is my first thread since six months ago

 

Bumpy Bump Bump

 

My fav. sciency thing is that we can use black holes to make a bomb the size of a supernova, or to get effectively infinite energy from them, by using the gravity inside to amplify electromagnetic waves and use mirrors to refect stuff to amplify the waves more and more and so on


I just think black holes are cool, even though they are so hazardous.

 

But they would eventually get out because it climbs up the sides and pours out the bottom!

 

If it pour put the bottom of anything, then nothing can contain it.
Therefore superfluid helium makes it down to the crust, turns into normal helium, and blows up.

And I think some materials or shapes can prevent the rising

 

bump ten characters

 

Wouldn’t there be friction though between the fluid and the cup?

 

I didn't state this before, but superfluids also flow without friction. Also, the superfluid may not appear to obey the laws of classical physics, however, superfluidity is mostly a thing that branches off of quantum physics. Most of superfluid behaviors are from atomic interactions.

 

Oh, really? I thought friction was caused by the electromagnetic force. So wouldn’t the electromagnetic force still be present because the super liquid isn’t falling through the cup?

 

Daily Dose #2: Fractals
Hello guys! Welcome back to Daily Dose of Science! Today, we're discovering the strange and beautiful landscapes of fractals.

What are Fractals?
A fractal is a geometric surface or space that is self-similar and infinite.



This GIF by Fractal Foundation illustrates it well;



There are many famous fractals. Today, we're talking about the main ones, like the triangle above, Koch's Snowflake, the Mandelbrot Set, and wander a little bit into Chaos Theory.

Pascal's Sierpinski Triangle
The triangle above is known as the fractal version of Pascal's Triangle. What is Pascal's Triangle? Pascal's Triangle is a triangle used in binomial expansions and other applications. It is formed when one cell of the triangle is the sum of the two cells above it.



Notice, that when you fill in the odd numbers in the triangle...



It looks like the triangle fractal above, right? Amazing!

Now, if you make Pascal's Triangle bigger, then it turns more into the fractal!
Onto the next fractal.

Koch's Snowflake

This is one of the earliest fractals discovered. Think of it as a "snowflake".

It's too hard to draw, so I'll just post a picture.



The start of Koch's Snowflake is formed from an equilateral triangle. To see the processes involved in making it, see the image below.



The Mandelbrot Set

Oh dear. This one is complex. For this one, no more MS Paint.

The Mandelbrot Set is a fractal in the imaginary axis (you know, i, 6i, 4+7i, 2-5i). The formation of the fractal is precise. However, the harder a fractal is to make, the more beautiful it looks. In fact, so beautiful that I made a whole thread about it before!

I'm not going to explain how the Mandelbrot Set works, but if you want to know that, look at my other thread,
https://forums.wynncraft.com/threads/an-introduction-to-the-mandelbrot-set.226853/,
to understand how it works.

Now, I'm going to link a video. If you get dizzy, don't blame me, but this video shows the many repetitions and patterns of the Mandelbrot Set.

(by the way this is also in the other thread)



Notable Timestamps

0:10 is the central figure you will see many, many times.
0:16 shows a smaller central figure right next to the larger one.
From 0:16 to 1:14ish shows the same line pattern, slowly duplicating.
1:14 shows another repetition of the central figure.
1:17 shows a strange neuron-like shape, which will be repeated in the next five or so seconds.
1:24 returns to the line patterns from 0:16 t0 1:14.
1:51 shows the same shape from 1:14, but without the central figure.
1:54 starts a whole mixture of the line patterns and neuron shapes.
2:20 is where I warn people of seizures; seriously, by that point, the lines turn into rings.
2:28 shows ANOTHER repetition of the central figure; however, it's so deep inside of the fractal that the colors have turned into lines.
2:33 returns to the neuron shapes and line patterns; escaping from insanity.

From that point on, the sequence continues, until...

5:00 which shows another repetition of the central figure.

Phew!

Now that we know what fractals, are, what do they represent? Can we do anything with them?

Chaos Theory

Now, you and me are going to dip our toes into Chaos Theory.

Chaos theory is merely a part of mathematics. However, it looks into specific systems that are extremely sensitive. In other words, one small change could change the whole system's composition, or even destroy it. In simple terms, it means systems that are pretty much impossible to predict, like stock markets and storms. Fractals represent these chaotic systems.

One of my most essential sentences for you: fractals are infinitely complex. There's no doubting it. Due to this complexity, it can describe chaotic phenomena, like coastlines.



Phew. That was deep.

Now, don't ask me too many questions on Chaos Theory; this is one of the newest things I have learned. Even I don't understand it fully.

Cheers!

 

Can't do a Dose of Science today; far too busy.

 

Oh, so this wasn't an one-time thing?
I'm familiar with Pascal's triangle. I might explain it here for you!

It's used to solve the exponentation (not sure what's the english word for it, but I think something after the process is "X to the power of N") of binomes, like the following:

Code:

          2
(a+b)

Well,
(a+b) to the power of two = a to the power of two + 2ab + b to the power of two

Confused? You should be!
Here's how you exponentiate (?) binomes.
It's simple!
Something to the power of something is just something multiplied by itself based on the power.
Example:

5 to the power of two = 5 times 5 = 25.
Therefore, (a+b) to the power of two = (a+b) (a+b)
Therefore, first multiply the second part of the binome with a.

you get (a to the power of two + ab)
Then multiply the second part of the binome with b, and add the results together.

You end up with: a to the power of 2 + ab + ba + b to the power of 2
ab and ba are both a times b, so they are the same.
So

a to the power of two + 2ab + b to the power of two

Simple, eh?

The pascal triangle is just a shortcut. It's easier (but less fun!)
Let's fetch the pascal tindangle!

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
(the first five layers)
Say we want (a+b) to the power of FIVE!
That's (a+b) (a+b) (a+b) (a+b) (a+b)
It's a long process to solve that, I won't go into it here. And I also don't know how to solve stuff using Pascal's stuff, so I can't explain that.

I don't claim to understand this fully, but due to how good our school system is and how often our classes are not interrupted by school shootings, I understand polynomes pretty well. Well, the basics.

 

can agree; polynomials are pretty cool things.

 

Daily Dose #3: Koch's Postulates and The Hill Criteria
Hello guys! Welcome back to your daily dose of science. This time, we're taking on an entirely different subject; epidemiology. Epidemiology is the study of the spread of disease, causes of disease, and the statistics of disease. We're going to be talking about Koch's Postulates and the Hill Criteria; don't worry if you don't get it right away, because it can be pretty hard to understand.

Baseline Terms
- Agent: The cause of the disease (eg. in form of bacterium, protozoa, virus, etc.)
- Host: The person that gets infected by the disease
- Susceptible Host: A person that is vulnerable to the disease.

Koch's Postulates
Koch's Postulates are postulates made by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler, to confirm the relationship between a pathogen and a disease.



The criterion doesn't always work; however, it works enough to be valid.
We're going to take a trip into each postulate, starting with the first.

To demonstrate, we're going to use an example virus, called the "Salty Virus", a virus causing saltiness around the world.

The connection we will test is the correlation between the Salty Virus and the Disease of Saltiness (scientific name Pepper Syndrome A)



(The postulate is actually "The microorganism or pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease, I typed it wrong, D'oh!)

The postulate states that for every case of disease, the pathogen must be there.

In this case, every salty person must have been contaminated with the Salty Virus for this connection to be valid.



This postulate states that you can be able to isolate the pathogen from the diseased person; then you can grow it in appropriate habitat.

In this case, you can extract the Salty Virus from the sick person's blood samples; then you can grow it in a petri dish, thus confirming the second postulate.



The third postulate states that if you put the newly grown pathogen into a weird animal thing like a cow, it will get sick.

To confirm the relationship, the newly grown Salty Virus must make the laboratory animals salty when it is put into them.



The final postulate states, that you can get the pathogen out of the sick animal thing, and it will be the same as the initial pathogen.

To confirm the relationship, the newly extracted Salty Virus must cause the same disease, and it must be the same thing as the first virus.

Now, you aren't done yet. This is just one part of the relationship confirmation. Another set of criterion awaits you, called Hill's Criteria for Causation.



Now all of these names sound very complex, but they illustrate straightforward ideas. I'll use the example of the Salty Virus again to illustrate these criterion.

1. Strength
This means the strength between the cause and effect is strong.

In our case, the Salty Virus is related to the saltiness disease, and they follow Koch's Postulates.

2. Consistency
This means the cause and effect must be able to be repeated for any place or time.

In our case, the Salty Virus can cause the disease in China at 8:00 AM, or on Mars at 9:30 PM.

3. Specificity
This means a single cause causes a single effect.

In our case, the Salty Virus is the ONLY pathogen that will cause the saltiness disease with its exact symptoms.

4. Temporality
This means the effect must occur after the cause.

In our case, that means you cannot get the saltiness disease without getting in contact with the Salty Virus first.

5. Biological Gradient
This means for a smaller dose, there is a smaller response. For a larger dose, there is a more significant response.

In our case, the Salty Virus in small amounts causes just a sprinkle of salt; however, a large amount can cause someone to go insane from the disease.

6. Plausibility
This one's simple; the relationship between the cause and effect must make sense.

In our case, the Salty Virus is not breaking any laws or theories in our current world.

7. Coherence
There is a reasonable relationship between epidemiological and laboratory evidence.

Whatever the epidemiologists find out, the laboratory results should be similar.

8. Experimental Evidence
This criterion follows the one before it; the relationship between the cause and effect can be backed up by experimental proof.

9. Analogy
This means for any similar causes, there will be a similar effect.

In our case, the Salty Virus causes the disease of saltiness.
However, another virus, called the Peppery Virus, similarly causes saltiness, but in a different form.



Alright guys, thank's for absorbing today's Daily Dose of Science.

Have a good day!

 

nurd.

10freakingchar

 

No idea what this is, but some places (creationist places) are going to be TRIGGEREANGERED

Biology is quite factnating

 

I'm going on a trip! Therefore, I can't post any daily doses for the next two days probably.

 

Back from my trip! Will continue tomorrow.

 

I beg to differ.

In all seriousness, cool thread. This just came to mind when I saw the fractals post and I felt like sharing it.

 

Peppery Disease causes spiciness!

Pretty cool thread by the way. I manage to absorb most of the content and understand it, and it is so freaking interesting :thinking: